Comparison of analog and digital recording. Sound can be recorded and stored and played using either digital or analog techniques. Both techniques introduce errors and distortions in the sound, and these methods can be systematically compared. An analog recording is one where a property or characteristic of a physical recording medium is made to vary in a manner analogous to the variations in air pressure of the original sound. Generally, the air pressure variations are first converted by a transducer such as a microphone into an electrical analog signal in which either the instantaneous voltage or current is analogous to the instantaneous air pressure. Correlation between Engineering StressStrain and True StressStrain Curve. Iman Faridmehr 1, Mohd Hanim Osman 1, Azlan Bin Adnan 2, Ali Farokhi Nejad 2, Reza. The variations of the electrical signal in turn are converted to variations in the recording medium by a recording machine such as a tape recorder or cutting lathe. Examples of properties that are modified are the magnetization of magnetic tape or the deviation of the groove of a gramophone disc from a smooth, flat spiral track. A digital recording is produced by converting the physical properties of the original sound into a sequence of numbers, which can then be stored and read back for reproduction. Normally, the sound is converted into an electrical analog signal in the same way as for analog recording. The analog signal is then converted to a digital signal using an analog to digital converter ADC. The digital data produced by the ADC is then recorded onto a digital storage medium such as a compact disc or hard disk. Full H Game Plants Vs Zombies For Android. I am a Mechanical Engineering PE in the state of Florida with mostly Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration experience. I have recently had the opportunity to branch. I am trying to get some clarification regarding the flexural reinforcement of the stem of a retaining wall into the footing. Does the flexural reinforcement in. Example Finite Element Analysis on complex structures using the NIKE2D and NIKE3D Codes. Sound can be recorded and stored and played using either digital or analog techniques. Both techniques introduce errors and distortions in the sound, and these. Two prominent differences in performance between the two methods are the bandwidth and the signal to noise ratio SN. The bandwidth of the digital system is determined, according to the Nyquist frequency, by the sample rate used. The bandwidth of an analog system is dependent on the physical capabilities of the analog circuits. The SN of a digital system may be limited by the bit depth of the digitization process, but the electronic implementation of conversion circuits introduces additional noise. In an analog system, other natural analog noise sources exist, such as flicker noise and imperfections in the recording medium. Other performance differences are specific to the systems under comparison, such as the ability for more transparent filtering algorithms in digital systems1 and the harmonic saturation and speed variations of analog systems. Overview of differenceseditIt is a subject of debate whether analog audio is superior to digital audio or vice versa. The question is highly dependent on the quality of the systems analog or digital under review, and other factors which are not necessarily related to sound quality. Arguments for analog systems include the absence of fundamental error mechanisms which are present in digital audio systems, including aliasing and quantization noise. Advocates of digital point to the high levels of performance possible with digital audio, including excellent linearity in the audible band and low levels of noise and distortion. Accurate, high quality sound reproduction is possible with both analog and digital systems but in general it tends to be less expensive to achieve any given standard of technical signal quality with a digital system. One of the most limiting aspects of analog technology is the sensitivity of analog media to minor physical degradation. The principal advantages that digital systems have are a very uniform source fidelity, inexpensive media duplication, and direct use of the digital signal in todays popular portable storage and playback devices. Analog recordings by comparison require comparatively bulky, high quality playback equipment to accurately read the signal from their analog media. Error correctioneditEarly in the development of the Compact Disc, engineers realized that the perfection of the spiral of bits was critical to playback fidelity. A scratch the width of a human hair 1. This was addressed by encoding the digital stream with a multi tiered error correction coding scheme which reduces CD capacity by about 2. In essence, error correction can be thought of as using the mathematically encoded backup copies of the data that was corrupted. Not only does the CD use redundant data, but it also mixes up the bits in a predetermined way see CIRC so that a small flaw on the disc will affect fewer consecutive bits of the decoded signal and allow for more effective error correction using the available backup information. Error correction allows digital formats to tolerate quite a bit more media deterioration than analog formats. That is not to say poorly produced digital media are immune to data loss. Laser rot was most troublesome to the Laserdisc format, but also occurs to some pressed commercial CDs, and was caused in both cases by inadequate disc manufacture. There can occasionally be difficulties related to the use of consumer recordablerewritable compact discs. This may be due to poor quality CD recorder drives, low quality discs, or incorrect storage, as the information bearing dye layer of most CD recordable discs is at least slightly sensitive to UV light and will be slowly bleached out if exposed to any amount of it. Most digital recordings rely at least to some extent on computational encoding and decoding and so may become completely unplayable if not enough consecutive good data is available for the decoder to synchronize to the digital data stream, whereas any intact segment of any size of an analog recording is playable. DuplicationeditUnlike analog duplication, digital copies are exact replicas, which can be duplicated indefinitely without degradation. This made Digital rights management more of an issue in digital media than analog media. Digital systems often have the ability for the same medium to be used with arbitrarily high or low quality encoding methods and number of channels or other content, unlike practically all analog systems which have mechanically pre fixed speeds and channels. Most higher end analog recording systems offer a few recording speeds, but digital systems tend to offer much finer variation in the rate of media usage. There are also several non sound related advantages of digital systems that are practical. Digital systems that are computer based make editing much easier through rapid random access, seeking, and scanning for non linear editing. Most digital systems also allow non audio data to be encoded into the digital stream, such as information about the artist, track titles, etc., which is often convenient. Noise and distortioneditIn the process of recording, storing and playing back the original analog sound wave in the form of an electronic signal, it is unavoidable that some signal degradation will occur. This degradation is in the form of distortion and noise. Noise is unrelated in time to the original signal content, while distortion is in some way related in time to the original signal content. Noise performanceeditFor electronic audio signals, sources of noise include mechanical, electrical and thermal noise in the recording and playback cycle. The actual process of digital conversion will always add some noise, however small in intensity the bulk of this in a high quality system is quantization noise, which cannot be theoretically avoided, but some will also be electrical, thermal, etc. The amount of noise that a piece of audio equipment adds to the original signal can be quantified.